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The all-female crew sailing the world to study plastic pollution
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Meet the man who swam through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
For months, the infernos have raged through Australia’s southeast, leaving parts of the country choking under some of the worst air pollution in the world.
Since September, more than 18 million hectares(44 million acres) of bush, land and forest have been burned. At least 28 people have died, around 3,000 homes have been destroyed and about one billion animals could have been affected.
Heavy rain down the east coast this week has temporarily eased the crisis, but authorities warn the fire risk is not over – bushfire season typically ends in March. Only last week, Australia’s capital city of Canberra declared a state of emergency as bushfires moved rapidly in the area.
Scientists had warned for more than a decade that an extreme bushfire season was coming – and that the climate crisis was to blame.
While natural climate drivers created a perfect storm of hot and dry conditions this year, the sheer scale and intensity of the recent fires have led some experts to claim the world has now reached a turning point.
“I think the size and the intensity of these fires, coupled with the drought, have really just pushed Australia into a place that doesn’t feel like home anymore.” said Linden Ashcroft, lecturer in climate science and science communication at Melbourne University’s School of Earth Science. “It doesn’t feel safe anymore.”
A dry bush waiting for a spark
Animal rescuer Marcus Fillinger carries a burned kangaroo on February 4 in Peak View, Australia. Fillinger tranquilized the wounded animal for transport to a recovery center.
John Moore/Getty Images
A bushfire burns near the town of Bumbalong, south of Canberra on February 2.
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Horses panic as a fire burns near Canberra, Australia, on Saturday, February 1.
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A firefighter coats a bridge with foam as a bushfire burns near Moruya, Australia, on Saturday, January 25.
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In this long-exposure photo, a car's taillights streak at left as a wildfire glows at dusk near Clear Range, Australia, on Friday, January 31.
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An airplane dumps fire retardant behind houses at the foot of Mount Tennent as fire creeps through the Namadgi National Park in Canberra on Thursday, January 30.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
People embrace near the scene of a water tanker plane crash in Cooma, Australia, on Thursday, January 23. Three American crew members died in the crash.
Jenny Evans/Getty Images
Flying embers are seen in this long-exposure photo from Moruya on Thursday, January 23.
Sam Mooy/Getty Images
A young koala named Jeremy receives medical attention for burns at the Healesville Sanctuary in Badger Creek, Australia, on January 23.
David Crosling/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Firefighters battle the Morton Fire as it burns a home near Bundanoon, Australia, on January 23.
Noah Berger/AP
The Parliament House in Canberra is blanketed by bushfire smoke on January 23.
Mark Evans/Getty Images
A firefighter battles the Morton Fire as it consumes a home near Bundanoon on January 23.
Noah Berger/AP
Veterinarian Ludo Valenza holds two grey-headed flying foxes, which were being treated for bushfire injuries at the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital in Beerwah, Australia, on Wednesday, January 15.
Darren England/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Lt. Kynan Lang from the 10th/27th Battalion visits the scene where his uncle and cousin died in a bushfire on Australia's Kangaroo Island.
CPL Tristan Kennedy/Australian Department of Defence
A smoky haze from bushfires hovers over the Melbourne skyline ahead of the Australian Open tennis tournament on Tuesday, January 14. Poor air quality disrupted the qualifying rounds of the tournament.
William West/AFP/Getty Images
Properties damaged and destroyed by fire are seen in Nerrigundah, Australia, on Monday, January 13.
Sam McNeil/AP
Debris remains where houses stood in the Australian village of Wingello on January 13.
Chu Chen/Xinhua News Agency/Getty Images
Bonnie Morris and sister Raemi Morris look on as their family and firefighters battle bushfires at the edge of their family farm in Karatta on Saturday, January 11.
Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images
Pictures of firefighters are projected onto the Sydney Opera House on January 11.
Don Arnold/Getty Images
A vehicle makes its way through thick fog mixed with bushfire smoke in the Ruined Castle area of the Blue Mountains on January 11.
Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images
Protesters march through downtown Melbourne on Friday, January 10, in response to the ongoing bushfire crisis.
Robert Cianflone/Getty Images
An aerial view shows a track running through trees that were scorched by bushfires in East Gippsland, Australia, on Thursday, January 9.
Carla Gottgens/Bloomberg/Getty Images
A pile of wood chips burns at a timber mill in Eden, Australia, on January 9.
Sean Davey/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Lisa Poulsen tends to her Clydesdale horse, Jake, on January 9. Jake suffered burn injuries in a bushfire on December 31.
Sean Davey/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
A small wave of black water full of burned debris breaks at a beach at Eden on January 9.
Rick Rycroft/AP
A dead kangaroo lies on a burnt farm in Batlow.
Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images
A firefighter backs away from flames after lighting a controlled burn near Tomerong on January 8.
Rick Rycroft/AP
Stephenie Bailey is embraced on Wednesday, January 8, as she describes the impact the bushfires have had on her farm in Batlow.
Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images
Charlotte O'Dwyer, the young daughter of Rural Fire Service volunteer Andrew O'Dwyer, wears her father's helmet during his funeral after being presented with a service medal in his honor by RFS Commissioner Shane Fitzsimmons on Tuesday, January 7, in Sydney.
Dean Lewins-Pool/Getty Images
A resident throws a bucket of water onto a smoldering tree on his property on Monday, January 6, in Wingello, Australia.
Brett Hemmings/Getty Images
A military helicopter flies above a burning woodchip mill in Eden, New South Wales, on January 6.
Saeed Khan/AFP via Getty Images
A Royal Australian Navy MH-60R Seahawk "Romeo" helicopter refuels onboard HMAS Adelaide during Operation Bushfire Assist, on Sunday, January 5, in this image provided by the Australian Department of Defence. HMAS Adelaide and army reserve forces have been assisting with bushfire evacuations on the southern coast of New South Wales.
Handout/ABIS/Thomas Sawtell/Australian Department of Defence/Getty Images
Families are evacuated by air from Mallacoota on January 5.
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A man walks past ash from bushfires washed up on a beach in Merimbula on January 5.
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The flight deck of a C-130J Hercules is lit by the red glow of the fires below as the aircrew attempts to land in Merimbula to drop off fire and rescue crews to assist fighting the bushfires on January 5.
Corporal Nicole Dorrett/Australian Department of Defence via Getty Images
This satellite image provided by NASA on Saturday, January 4, shows smoke from fires burning in Victoria and New South Wales.
NASA via AP
A father holds his daughter as the skies above turn red during the day on January 4 in Mallacoota, Australia. Many parents with young children were stuck in Mallacoota after flights were grounded because of smoke and only school-aged children and older were allowed to evacuate by boat.
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A Royal Australian Navy crew unload luggage as evacuees from Mallacoota arrive aboard the MV Sycamore on January 4 at the port of Hastings, Australia.
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Smoke from wildfires shrouds a road near Moruya, Australia, on January 4.
Rick Rycroft/AP
Nancy Allen stands outside her house as high winds push smoke and ash from the Currowan Fire toward Nowra in New South Wales on January 4.
Tracey Nearmy/Reuters
Evacuees board the Royal Australian Navy's MV Sycamore on January 3 in Mallacoota, Victoria, Australia. Navy ships plucked hundreds of people from beaches and tens of thousands were urged to flee before hot weather and strong winds in the forecast worsen Australia's already devastating wildfires.
Australia Department of Defense/AP
Massive smoke rises from wildfires burning in East Gippsland, Victoria on January 2.
DELWP Gippsland/AP
Royal Fire Service Commissioner Shane Fitzsimmons presents a posthumous Commendation for Bravery and Service on January 2 to the son of RFS volunteer Geoffrey Keaton, who was killed battling bushfires, at Keaton's funeral in Buxton, New South Wales.
NSW Rural Fire Service via Reuters
Boats are pulled ashore as smoke and wildfires rage on January 2 behind Lake Conjola.
Robert Oerlemans via AP
Cars line up as people evacuate the town of Batemans Bay in New South Wales on January 2.
Peter Parks/AFP via Getty Images
A satellite image released by Copernicus Sentinel dated December 31 shows bushfires burning across Australia.
Copernicus Sentinel Imagery via AP
A kangaroo rushes past a burning house in Lake Conjola, Australia, on December 31.
Matthew Abbott/The New York Times/Redux
A man tries to defend a property in Lake Conjola on December 31.
Matthew Abbott/The New York Times/Redux
Firefighters hose down trees as they battle against bushfires around the town of Nowra in the Australian state of New South Wales on December 31, 2019. Thousands of holidaymakers and locals were forced to flee to beaches in fire-ravaged southeast Australia on December 31, as blazes ripped through popular tourist areas leaving no escape by land.
Saeed Khan/AFP via Getty Images
A destroyed home in Sarsfield, East Gippsland, Victoria, on December 31.
James Ross/AP
Children evacuated from areas affected by bushfires play at the showgrounds in the southern New South Wales town of Bega on December 31.
Sean Davey/AFP via Getty Images
A skycrane drops water on a bushfire burning near houses in Bundoora, Melbourne, on Monday, December 30.
Ellen Smith/AAP Images via AP
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) captured this satellite image of the historic bushfires burning across Australia on December 26.
Tributes for volunteer firemen Andrew O'Dwyer and Geoffrey Keaton are seen at Horsley Park Rural Fire Brigade in Sydney, Australia, on December 22. It's believed they were killed when their vehicle hit a tree before rolling off the road, the New South Wales Rural Fire Service said in a statement.
Jenny Evans/Getty Images
A firefighter battles the Gospers Mountain Fire in Bilpin, New South Wales, on Saturday, December 21.
Dan Himbrechts/EPA/Shutterstock
A charred bicycle lies on the ground in front of a house destroyed by bushfires on the outskirts of Bargo on December 21.
David Gray/Getty Images
Fire and rescue personnel monitor a bushfire as it burns near homes on the outskirts of Bilpin on Thursday, December 19.
David Gray/Getty Images
A property burns in Balmoral on December 19.
Peter Parks/AFP via Getty Images
A helicopter drops fire-retardant to protect a property in Balmoral.
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Police disperse demonstrators during a climate protest near Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison's official residence in Sydney, on December 19, during his absence on an overseas holiday, as bushfires burned across the region.
Wendell Teodoro/AFP via Getty Images
Children swing into the Penrith river during a heatwave in Sydney on December 19.
Farooq Khan/AFP via Getty Images
A landscape of burnt trees is pictured after a bushfire at Mount Weison, in the Blue Mountains, on Wednesday, December 18.
SAEED KHAN/AFP via Getty Images
A wallaby flees a fire burning near Mangrove Mountain, north of Sydney, on December 10.
Rick Rycroft/AP
A smoke haze blankets Bondi Beach as the air quality index reaches higher than ten times hazardous levels in some suburbs of Sydney on December 10.
Jenny Evans/Getty Images
People join a guided climb of the Sydney Harbour Bridge as bushfire haze darkens the sky on December 6.
Cameron Spencer/Getty Images
People are seen wearing face masks to protect against the poor air quality in Sydney on December 5.
Don Arnold/Getty Images
A bushfire burns out of control in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales on December 2,
Saeed Khan/AFP via Getty Images
An aerial view shows bushfires burning in the Richmond Valley on November 26.
Saeed Khan/AFP via Getty Images
A CFA crew member rests after a day of maintaining controlled back burns in St Albans, Australia, on November 21.
Brett Hemmings/Getty Images
An injured koala receives treatment after its rescue from a bushfire at the Port Macquarie Koala Hospital on November 19. The hospital said the fires have "decimated" the area, which is a key habitat and breeding ground for the marsupials. More than 350 koalas are feared to have been killed by bushfires in NSW, according to animal experts.
Tao Shelan/China News Serice/Getty Images
Firefighters try to protect the Colo Heights Public School on November 19.
Dean Lewins/EPA
Bushfire smoke clouds the sky over the Hawkesbury River in Brooklyn, Australia.
Sam Mooy/Getty Images
Firefighters work on controlled back burns on November 14.
Brett Hemmings/Getty Images
This satellite image shows wildfire smoke on November 14.
NASA via AP
A man uses a wet towel to help put out flames near the town of Taree on November 14.
William West/AFP/Getty Images
Firefighters organize their crews prior to working on controlled back burns in Sydney on November 14.
Brett Hemmings/Getty Images
Warren Smith pats his dog after returning to find his house destroyed near Nana Glen on November 13.
William West/AFP/Getty Images
Teresa de Ruyter, left, and Michelle Wilson embrace after returning to their homes near Nana Glen on November 13.
William West/AFP/Getty Images
Firefighters battle a spot fire in Hillville on November 13.
Sam Mooy/Getty Images
Residents look on as thick smoke rises from bushfires near Nana Glen on November 12.
Dan Peled/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison looks at a screen as he gets a briefing on the bushfire situation on November 12.
Lukas Coch/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock
Locals watch the fires impact farmland near Nana Glen on November 12.
WILLIAM WEST/AFP/Getty Images
A firefighter mops up after a bushfire in the Sydney suburb of Llandilo on November 12.
Sam Mooy/Getty Images
A fire and rescue team inspects damage around the village of Torrington on November 11.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
Andrew Mackenzie surveys the damage to the area around his home in Torrington. His home was spared, but his neighbors' house was burned to the ground.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
Smoke from the Gulf Road Fire fills the air in Glen Innes on November 11.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
A sign on a Taree fire station warns of "catastrophic" fire conditions.
Peter Parks/AFP via Getty Images
A lone joey is pictured on a scorched patch of ground in Torrington on November 11.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
Emergency crews tend to animals on a property in Torrington on November 11.
Brook Mitchell/Getty Images
Burnt trees dot the landscape in Old Bar on November 10.
Peter Parks/AFP via Getty Images
A firefighter works to contain a bushfire near Taree on November 10.
Darren Pateman/EPA/Shuttterstock
A helicopter drops water on a bushfire in Old Bar on November 9.
Shane Chalker/AAP Image/Reuters
This aerial photo, taken on November 9, shows bushfires in the northeastern part New South Wales.
Tom Bannigan/AFP via Getty Images
Fires burn in the distance as children play on a beach in Forster on November 9.
Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
A fire rages in Bobin on November 9.
Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
The remains of a property are seen in Bobin on November 9.
Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images
A plane drops fire retardant on a bushfire in Harrington on November 8.
Shane Chalker/EPA
Firefighters try to put out a bushfire in Woodford on November 8.
Dan Himbrechts/EPA
Police knock on the door of a house to warn residents of an out-of-control bushfire near Clumber on November 8.
Dan Peled/EPA
A resident hoses smoldering logs as a bushfire burns in Woodford on November 8.
Dan Himbrechts/AAP via Reuters
The sun is seen through heavy smoke as a bushfire burns in Woodford.
Dan Himbrechts/AAP via Reuters
Firefighters hose down an area in Woodford.
Dan Himbrechts/EPA
Forster residents watch as a water-bombing helicopter flies over a bushfire on November 7.
Dan Kirkman/EPA
In this handout photo from NASA's Aqua satellite, destructive bushfires are seen off the coast of New South Wales on November 7.
Lauren Dauphin/NASA Earth Observatory
In photos: Bushfires rage through Australia
Australia has been getting hotter and drierfor decades.
Since 1910, the country has warmed by just over 1°C – on par with global levels – and this has meant more frequent and more intense heatwaves. Last year was the hottest and driest year ever recorded in Australia, according to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
On top of extreme heat, there has been a long-term decline in southern Australia’s rainfall, which mainly comes during the winter months. Drought-stricken towns of New South Wales, for example, are suffering with severe water shortages as the state has received less than 125 mm (5 inches) of rain every year since 2017.
That has never happened before.
Without the rains, the dry bush provided the fuel for this year’s fires. All that was needed was the spark.
“The signs are that this will become more common. We did have a perfect storm of events this year. But I don’t think it’s too much of a stretch to imagine that this is this is what our summers will look like in future, which is really quite confronting,” Ashcroft said.
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Furthermore, Australia is known for extreme fluctuations in its weather. In summer, it’s not uncommon for towns to see 40°C weather one day and heavy hailstorms the next.
But the climate crisis is making those fluctuations worse, experts say.
“What we’re seeing now is that natural variability is occurring on top of the long-term, human-induced climate changes, and that we’re seeing the extremes becoming even more extreme,” said Nerilie Abram, professor at the Australia National University Research School of Earth Sciences in Melbourne.
Driving Australia’s erratic weather are several climate systems that conspired in such a way this year to exacerbate the hot, dry conditions.
A climate phenomenon called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) had a big role. You’re not alone if you’ve never heard of the IOD, but you might know about its counterpart in the Pacific Ocean, El Nino. El Ni?o is a warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean, mainly along the Equator, and it can change circulation patterns around the globe.
The IOD describes changes in sea surface temperatures between the opposing eastern (near Indonesia) and western (near Africa) parts of the Indian Ocean, and it has three phases: neutral, positive and negative.
Changes between these phases can affect rainfall patterns – so dry conditions in Australia could mean flooding thousands of miles away in East Africa, or vice versa.
A positive IOD – which is what we’ve seen in recent months – is a sustained warming of the waters near the Horn of Africa while water to the northwest of Australia becomes unusually cool. This cuts off one of Australia’s key sources of moisture, leading to less rainfall and higher than normal temperatures.
Last year was one of the strongest positive IOD events on record, according to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, meaning Australia experienced extremely hot and extremely dry conditions, on top of long-term warming.
Another climate system called the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)also contributed to Australia’s dry weather conditions this year. The SAM is the movement of a belt of westerly winds that are pushed either north toward Australia or south toward Antarctica, and its impact on Australia differs depending on the season.
There has been a long term trend of the SAM becoming more positive, Abram said, which means that the westerly winds between Australia and Antarctica are shifting further southwards. As a consequence, the southern parts of Australia that receive winter rainfall from those winds are not receiving as much.
But the SAM went through a negative phase from late October to late December – the start of Australia’s summer – shifting the belt of westerly winds over the Southern Ocean northwards towards the equator, fanning the flames of the bushfires.
“These climate drivers acted to not only enhance fire dangers, but also suppress the thunderstorm activity that we would normally expect to impact eastern parts of Australia during spring and summer,” said Diana Eadie, meteorologist for the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Extreme Weather Desk.
Scientists say that rising greenhouse gas emissions are distorting those natural climate drivers.
Since the 1960s, positive Indian Ocean Dipole events have been becoming more common and stronger, according to Abram, and climate models suggest that trend is likely to continue.
“If we continue on a high greenhouse gas emission pathway, then we would expect these events to be three times more frequent in the 21st century compared to the 20th century because of the human-induced climate change,” she said.
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One Australian town's long road to recovery from fires
Public outrage over the fires has been mounting, with much of the anger directed at Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and his administration’s climate policies and response to the fires.
Last week, more than 400 climate, weather and fire scientists signed an open letter calling on Australia’s leaders and policymakers to take “genuine concerted action to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases.” The scientists unequivocally link the bushfires to human-induced climate change.
Abram, one of the signatories of the letter, said it had been “disheartening” as a climate scientist to have correctly made predictions for years and for governments to have basically ignored them.
“This is what climate change looks like – it is actually here now, it’s affecting us now. And it is going to get worse unless we dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions,” Abram added.
Along with increased risk of fire, more intense droughts, heatwaves, prolonged summers and less rain are in store for Australia if the world doesn’t limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Global C02 emissions are currently track to warm the earth by 3°C or more by the end of the century.
Questions are being asked over how that hotter future would impact water resources, livelihoods, businesses, tourism, and even the ability to live in certain places of the country.
“There probably needs to be some discussion about where it is safe to live or where it is safe to build,” Ashcroft said. “(But) I don’t think that Australia will get to a point where it’ll be a Mad Max anarchy kind of thing. I believe that we have the ability to adapt and to change what we do.”
Australia needs to take a two-pronged approach to survive the coming decades, experts say: Adapt to warming global temperatures and mitigate against them and their affects. Moving away from fossil fuel energy sources will be key.
What is needed now, Abram said, is real leadership.
“Because what we’re talking about is not just a little bit of tweaking around the edges in terms of our economies,” she said. “We’re talking about the need for a managed transition of the way that we operate.”
CNN’s Jessie Yeung and Angus Watson contributed to reporting.